獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)英語(yǔ)的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)？

獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（Independent Genitive） 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)有兩部分組成，前一部份是名詞或者代詞，后一部分是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或其他的一些詞。前后兩部分具有邏輯主謂關(guān)系。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中做狀語(yǔ)，多用于書面語(yǔ)。 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)本身不是句子，在句子中作狀語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、伴隨等。 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的功能 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于描繪性文字中，其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句，常用來(lái)表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。例如： 1) 表示時(shí)間 The meeting being over, all of us went home. 開(kāi)完會(huì)后我們都回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下來(lái)喝茶。 2） 表示條件 The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若條件有利，他或許能成功。 3） 表示原因 There being no taxis, we had to walk. 沒(méi)有出租車，我們只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得嚴(yán)嚴(yán)實(shí)實(shí)的。 4） 表示伴隨情況 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 幾乎所有的金屬都是良導(dǎo)體，而銀則是最好的導(dǎo)體。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.) 常見(jiàn)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)有如下幾種： 1. 名詞/主格代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞。名詞/主格代詞與現(xiàn)在分詞之間主謂關(guān)系。如： The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say. 姑娘兩眼望著他，他不知道說(shuō)什么好。 Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果時(shí)間允許的話，我們明天去郊游。 2. 名詞/主格代詞+過(guò)去分詞。名詞/主格代詞與過(guò)去分詞之間的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。如： The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 隨著問(wèn)題的解決，質(zhì)量已經(jīng)提高了。 Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼鏡摔壞了，她看不見(jiàn)黑板上的字。 3. 名詞/主格代詞+不定式。名詞/主格代詞與不定式之間是主謂關(guān)系，且強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一次具體性的動(dòng)作。如： He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些舊零件，他要做一個(gè)飛機(jī)模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他們道別后，一個(gè)回了家，一個(gè)去了書店。 4. 名詞/主格代詞+形容詞。如： An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飛機(jī)遭遇了空難，無(wú)一人生還。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 這么多人缺席，會(huì)議不得不取消。 5. 名詞/主格代詞+副詞。如： He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 The meeting over, they all went home. 會(huì)議一結(jié)束，他們就都回家了。 6. 名詞/主格代詞+介詞短語(yǔ)。如： The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿著書去教室。 Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 瑪麗靠近火爐坐著，背對(duì)著門。 7. There being +名詞（代詞）如： There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒(méi)有別的事可做，我們就回家了。 There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 沒(méi)有再要討論的事了，我宣布散會(huì)。 8. It being +名詞（代詞）如： It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣誕節(jié)的緣故，政府機(jī)關(guān)都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都關(guān)門了。 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)： 1）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不同，它獨(dú)立存在。 2）名詞或代詞與后面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定 式，介詞等是主謂關(guān)系。 3）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號(hào)與主句分開(kāi)。 舉例： The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考試結(jié)束了，我們開(kāi)始放假。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 總統(tǒng)被謀殺了，舉國(guó)上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天氣允許，我們明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我們才回家。 The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 會(huì)議結(jié)束后，每個(gè)人都想早點(diǎn)回家。 He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵凍壞了。 He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夾著本厚書，走出了圖書館 注：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)可在其前加上介詞with。 如：Don’t sleep with the windows open. 別開(kāi)著窗睡覺(jué)。 He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。 She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿著一本書走了進(jìn)來(lái)。 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他沒(méi)熄燈就睡著了。 I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因?yàn)閶寢層胁。覠o(wú)法去度假。 He sat there with his eyes closed. 他閉目坐在那兒。 All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整個(gè)下午他都鎖著門在房里工作。 I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗這些衣服，我無(wú)法出去了。使用獨(dú)立主格五點(diǎn)注意： 1.獨(dú)立主格與狀語(yǔ)從句的轉(zhuǎn)換當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)不是指同一個(gè)對(duì)象時(shí)，可用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)取代狀語(yǔ)從句，但不再保留連詞。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下課后，學(xué)生很快離開(kāi)了課室。 2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列兩種情況下，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being（或having been）不能省略。 (1) 獨(dú)立主格的邏輯主語(yǔ)是代詞時(shí)。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因?yàn)槭切瞧谔欤覀內(nèi)チ俗龆Y拜。 (2)在There being＋名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因?yàn)闆](méi)有公共汽車，所以我們不得不步行回家。 3. 通常不用物主代詞或冠詞在“名詞（或代詞）＋介詞短語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走進(jìn)了課室，手里拿著一本書。比較with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand. 4. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒(méi)有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來(lái)主編來(lái)了，我們開(kāi)始開(kāi)會(huì)。(比較動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的時(shí)間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句或并列句。 1. 用作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我們就回家了。 2. 用作條件狀語(yǔ)：Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。 3. 用作原因狀語(yǔ)：An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因?yàn)槊魈煲l(fā)表一個(gè)重要的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。 4. 用作伴隨狀語(yǔ)：He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，兩手交叉枕在腦后。 5.表示補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明：We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我們加倍努力，一個(gè)人干兩個(gè)人的活。 *注：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)表示時(shí)間、條件或原因時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時(shí)還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句，通常放于句末。