MySQL是一款廣泛使用的開(kāi)源關(guān)系型數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng),能夠支持大規(guī)模的數(shù)據(jù)處理和高效的數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)。然而,在實(shí)際的應(yīng)用中,我們經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到MySQL查詢執(zhí)行慢的問(wèn)題,而這種問(wèn)題的主要原因就是SQL語(yǔ)句不夠優(yōu)化。
優(yōu)化SQL語(yǔ)句的過(guò)程中,常常需要使用到MySQL的EXPLAIN命令,該命令可以幫助我們查看SQL語(yǔ)句的執(zhí)行計(jì)劃,從而找出SQL語(yǔ)句中的潛在問(wèn)題。
下面是一些常見(jiàn)的導(dǎo)致查詢執(zhí)行慢的SQL語(yǔ)句:
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM orders; EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM orders WHERE customerID=1; EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM orders WHERE customerID IN (1, 2, 3); EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM orders WHERE customerID BETWEEN 1 AND 100; EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM orders WHERE orderDate BETWEEN '2019-01-01' AND '2019-12-31'; EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM orders WHERE customerID=1 AND totalAmount>100; EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM orders WHERE customerID=1 ORDER BY orderDate DESC; EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM orders WHERE customerID=1 LIMIT 10; EXPLAIN SELECT COUNT(*) FROM orders WHERE customerID=1;
對(duì)于以上SQL語(yǔ)句中的每一個(gè)例子,我們都可以通過(guò)EXPLAIN命令得到SQL語(yǔ)句執(zhí)行的詳細(xì)計(jì)劃。例如:
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM orders; +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | orders| NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 100 | 100.00 | NULL | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
從上面的計(jì)劃中,我們可以看到這個(gè)查詢是使用全表掃描的方式進(jìn)行的,這是不夠理想的。一些針對(duì)查詢優(yōu)化的方法包括使用索引、分片表格、合適的緩存大小等等,有時(shí)候可能會(huì)需要一些編程技巧,如優(yōu)化算法、數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)等等。當(dāng)然,還可以使用像EXPLAIN這樣的工具來(lái)幫助我們?cè)\斷和調(diào)試查詢性能。